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Education budgets are not adjusting proportionately to the challenges brought about by COVID-19, especially in poorer countries.  Despite additional funding needs, two-thirds of low- and lower-middle-income countries have, in fact, cut their public education budgets since the onset of the pandemic, according to the new joint World Bank – UNESCO report, .

In comparison, EFW demonstrates only one-third of upper-middle and high-income countries have reduced their budgets. These cuts have been relatively small so far, but there is a danger that they will grow as the pandemic continues to take its economic toll, and fiscal positions worsen. These differing trends imply a significant widening of already large spending disparities seen between low- and high-income countries.

According to the new report, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, in 2018-19, high-income countries were spending annually the equivalent of $8,501 for every child or youth’s education compared to $48 in low-income countries. COVID-19 is widening this huge per-capita education spending gap between rich and poor countries even further.

EFW stresses that the education finance challenge is not only about mobilizing resources, but also about improving the effectiveness of funding. Unfortunately, recent increases in public education spending have been associated with relatively small improvements in education outcomes. Although access to education has improved,  – the proportion of 10-year-olds unable to read a short, age-appropriate text – was 53 percent in low- and middle-income countries prior to COVID-19, compared to only 9 percent for high-income countries.  COVID-19 related school closures are likely to increase this 53 percent share to as much as 63 percent.

EFW notes that global spending on education has increased over the last ten years, but the signs are that the pandemic may interrupt this upward trend. Since 2010, funding for education has grown most rapidly in low- and lower-middle-income countries, where the gaps between the funding needed to achieve the internationally-agreed 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and current allocations are the widest. The deterioration in government finances over the medium term suggests that without concerted efforts to prioritize education, the outlook for mobilizing the required resources for education will worsen.

Aid for education has increased by 21% over the last 10 years. Disbursements had increased rapidly in the 2000s, and fallen between 2010 and 2014 in the aftermath of the great financial crisis. However, since 2014, aid to education has increased by 30%, reaching its highest recorded level of $15.9 billion in 2019. However, fiscal constraints, other sectoral needs, and changes in student mobility patterns, suggest that external aid for education might fall at a time when it is needed most.

The EFW is a collaborative effort between the World Bank and the UNESCO Global Education Monitoring Report team.  It will be produced annually following the main release of spending data by UNESCO Institute for Statistics. The EFW aims to draw together the best data available on all sources of education funding and monitor efforts to improve information on the levels and use of education funding. However, good quality and timely information on government, household, and aid spending in education is not readily available in all countries. This hinders planning and monitoring at a time when countries cannot afford any missteps.

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• World Bank Media Contacts:
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• UNESCO GEM Report Media Contact:
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