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The landscapes and ecosystems of Denali National Park and Preserve are influenced by geological history, earth movements, climate, the advance and retreat of glaciers, permafrost, wildland fire, and water flow.One of the major influences on Denali’s ecosystems is the Alaska Range, the massive wall of rock, glacial ice, and snow running from southwest to northeast across the Park’s 2.4 million hectares.It towers above and separates the Kuskokwim and Tanana river basins to the north from the Susitna River lowlands to the south. This mountain barrier creates two major climate zones in the Park and dramatic elevation differences.Denali is located within the northern boreal forest biome. The park’s ecosystems range from lowlands with taiga forests, braided glacial stream floodplains, and meandering sloughs; to subalpine woodlands, meadows, and scrub tundra (willow, alder, and dwarf birch); to alpine low-shrub tundra slopes and unvegetated steep peaks, including Denali (Mt. McKinley) at 6,194 meters.Nearly one third of Denali is made up of high, glaciated mountains and bare rock outcrops. The upper limit of plant growth is about 2290 meters. Species of vertebrates: 39 mammals, including grizzly (brown) bear, gray wolf, caribou, moose, and Dall’s sheep; 168 birds (116 documented breeding); 14 fish; 0 reptiles; and 1 amphibian (wood frog). Species of plants: 754 vascular plants (8 tree species), and approximately 600 species of mosses, lichens, and liverworts.