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Biosphere reserves help us find practical ways to conserve biodiversity while supporting local communities, as well as promoting and leveraging scientific research and education. As of 2025, there are over 759 biosphere reserves in 134 countries, covering more than 7.4 million square kilometers—almost the size of Australia—and home to about 275 million people.

A biosphere reserve is much more than just a protected area. It is a “learning place for sustainable development,” where scientists, local communities, and policymakers work together to balance the conservation of ecosystems with the sustainable use of natural resources. These places include terrestrial, marine, and coastal ecosystems, covering each of the planet’s diverse habitats.

���������䰿’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme oversees the designation of these sites since 1976. Gathering a diversity of local actors, such as the private sector, civil society groups, co-ops and researchers, UNESCO Member States nominate areas, and after a rigorous review process, UNESCO grants the status of biosphere reserve. While the designation is internationally recognized and reviewed every ten years, each biosphere reserve remains under the jurisdiction of its home country.

UNESCO biosphere reserves began with the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme, launched by UNESCO in 1971 to promote peace with nature through the conservation of biodiversity, research and the sustainable use of natural resources. 

The idea emerged from 1968’s Biosphere Conference, where scientists emphasized the need for interdisciplinary approaches to managing ecosystems and human activities. The first biosphere reserves were designated in 1976, focusing on protecting nature while supporting research and local communities. Since then, the network has expanded globally, serving as “learning places” to balance conservation with human development.

Biosphere reserves are structured into three interrelated zones, each with a distinct purpose:

• Core area: This is a strictly protected zone dedicated to conserving landscapes, ecosystems, species, and genetic diversity. Human activity is highly restricted or prohibited here to ensure the protection of natural processes
• Buffer zone: Surrounding or adjoining the core area, the buffer zone allows for activities compatible with ecological practices. This area supports scientific research, monitoring, education, and training, and may permit limited resource use and traditional land management
• Transition area: The outermost zone, where communities are encouraged to pursue sustainable economic and human activities. Here, people live, work, and develop innovative approaches to sustainability, making it a space for collaboration and experimentation

Biosphere reserves play a critical role in addressing global challenges such as biodiversity loss, climate change, and sustainable development. They do so through the realization of three functions:

1. Conserve biological and cultural diversity
2. Develop healthy and sustainable livelihoods
3. Learn and inspire through research, education, monitoring and awareness-raising efforts

They serve as “living laboratories” where new ideas for managing natural resources are tested and shared. These sites are vital for:

• Conserving biodiversity: Protecting rare and endangered species, unique ecosystems, and genetic diversity.
• Promoting sustainable development: Supporting local economies through eco-friendly practices, sustainable agriculture, and responsible tourism.
• Fostering research and education: Providing platforms for scientific research, environmental education, and community training.
• Encouraging community involvement: Engaging local people in decision-making and benefit-sharing, and preserving cultural heritage alongside natural resources

Furthermore, biosphere reserves play a fundamental role in implementing international environmental commitments, including the , the , and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

All UNESCO biosphere reserves are part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR), a global community that exchanges knowledge, experiences, and best practices. They are also part of regional and thematic networks, such as the . 

These networks enable countries and regions to learn from each other and scale up successful models for sustainable development.

UNESCO biosphere reserves show that people and nature can thrive together. By integrating conservation, research, and sustainable livelihoods, these sites offer hope and practical solutions for a more balanced future. Understanding and supporting biosphere reserves is a step toward a healthier planet for all.