出版物
Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation, Volume II – Measurement of cryospheric variables
As part of the long standing and successful engagement between the International Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS) and the Global Cryosphere Watch (GCW) of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), a new publication is available through the WMO Library, focusing on the Measurement of Glaciers. Volume II “Measurement of Cryospheric Variables” of the Guide on Instruments and Methods of Observation (GIMO) aims to ensure high quality and consistent observations and measurements of cryospheric variables made in accordance with accepted standards. Emphasis is put on establishing standards in agreement with the existing ones as well as with guidelines for observations of single cryospheric variables, some of which are routinely used. It focuses on methods employed to determine ongoing changes in glacier mass and areal extent in response to climatic variations, and strives to include examples from different glaciated regions around the world. The new chapter describes conventional methods used to measure winter and summer mass balance on glaciers, it outlines methods used in mass-balance calculations, discusses sources of error in measurements and calculations of mass-balance and outlines methods for bias-correction.
