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This regional report focuses on: assessing the extent of the differences in learning outcomes between students in situations of mobility and their non-migrant peers; identifying the factors associated with these disparities; and offering recommendations to improve the inclusion and performance of students from migrant backgrounds. To study the performance gaps in Reading, Mathematics, and Science among primary and secondary students from different countries in the region, data from the following international and national assessments were analysed: TERCE 2013, ERCE 2019, and PISA 2018 and 2022.

The main findings of this research indicate that, in general, there are significant differences in learning outcomes in Reading, Mathematics, and Science between students of migrant origin and their non-migrant peers, usually to the detriment of the former group. However, the direction and magnitude of these gaps vary considerably between countries, depending on the grade levels and subject areas assessed.

It was observed that the gaps tend to be more frequent and pronounced the higher the school grade. Furthermore, when looking at the change over time in native-migrant gaps, some countries show improvements in the learning outcomes of migrant students, while the majority continue to face persistent challenges. In the region, the factors generally associated with learning outcomes are family socioeconomic status, the socioeconomic composition of the school, and linguistic differences between the main language spoken at home and at school. Moreover, in most of the countries studied, these factors explain part of the observed inequalities in learning outcomes between native students and those of migrant origin.

The conclusions drawn from these results must take into account the historical profiles of migration flows in the different countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, their magnitude and composition, along with the structure of opportunities for social and economic development and integration that these countries offer to people in situations of mobility. In this regard, and due to their particular migration contexts, the cases of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru are examined in greater detail.